PERBANDINGAN FUNGSI NARATIF DALAM DONGENG SCHNEEWITTCHEN DAN ASCHENPUTTEL

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NARRATIVE FUNCTIONS IN THE FAIRY TALES SCHNEEWITTCHEN AND ASCHENPUTTEL

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan struktur naratif dongeng Schneewittchen dan Aschenputtel dalam kumpulan dongeng Brüder Grimm dengan menggunakan teori morfologi dongeng Vladimir Propp. Melalui metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan analisis komparatif, penelitian ini memetakan urutan fungsi naratif untuk mengidentifikasi persamaan dan perbedaan struktur fundamental dari kedua dongeng. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kedua dongeng mematuhi aturan alur linear Propp, yang diawali dengan Situasi Awal (α) dan Ketidakhadiran (β) akibat kematian Ibu kandung, serta ditutup oleh Penyelesaian Kekurangan (K), Pernikahan (W), dan Hukuman (U). Perbedaan utama terletak pada tiga aspek. Pertama, pemicu konflik Schneewittchen digerakkan secara aktif oleh fungsi naratif Tindakan Jahat (A), sedangkan Aschenputtel digerakkan secara pasif melalui fungsi Kekurangan (a). Kedua, variasi pengulangan tiga kali (triplication) pada Schneewittchen terjadi pada tokoh antagonis melalui fungsi naratif Pengintaian (ϵ), Tipu Daya (η), dan Tindakan Jahat (A), sementara pada Aschenputtel terjadi di ranah tokoh Pahlawan melalui fungsi Keberangkatan (↑), Reaksi Pahlawan (E), dan Penerimaan Agen Magis (F). Ketiga, Aschenputtel mengalami fenomena pergeseran urutan fungsi (transposisi) pada fungsi Pemberian Tanda (J) dan Kepulangan (↓), sedangkan struktur Schneewittchen bergerak secara konstan. Penelitian ini membuktikan pandangan Propp mengenai universalitas struktur logika dongeng di tengah keberagaman manifestasi motifnya.

Kata Kunci: Dongeng Brüder Grimm, Fungsi Naratif, Struktur Naratif, Vladimir Propp, Analisis Komparatif, Schneewittchen, Aschenputtel.

This study aims to compare the narrative structure of the fairy tales Schneewittchen and Aschenputtel from the Brüder Grimm collection by using Vladimir Propp’s morphology of the folktale theory. Utilizing a qualitative method with a comparative analysis approach, this study maps the sequence of narrative functions to identify the similarities and differences in the fundamental structure of both fairy tales. The results show that both fairy tales adhere to Propp’s linear plot rules, beginning with the Initial Situation (α) and Absentation (β) due to the biological mother’s death, and concluding with the Liquidation of Lack (K), Wedding (W), and Punishment (U). The main differences lie in three aspects. First, the conflict trigger in Schneewittchen is actively driven by the Villainy (A) narrative function, whereas Aschenputtel is driven passively through the Lack (a) function. Second, the variation of triplication in Schneewittchen occurs within the antagonist through the narrative functions of Reconnaissance (ϵ), Trickery (η), and Villainy (A), while in Aschenputtel, it occurs within the Hero character through the functions of Departure (↑), Hero’s Reaction (ϵ), and Receipt of a Magical Agent (F). Third, Aschenputtel experiences a function sequence shift (transposition) in the functions of Branding (J) and Return (↓), whereas the structure of Schneewittchen moves constantly. In conclusion, this study proves Propp’s view regarding the universality of the logical structure of fairy tales amidst the diversity of their motif manifestations.

Keywords: Brüder Grimm Fairy Tales, Narrative Functions, Narrative Structure, Vladimir Propp, Schneewittchen, Aschenputtel.