Perkembangan teknologi militer berbasis kecerdasan intelektual (AI) memunculkan penggunaan Autonomous Weapon System (AWS), khususnya kategori Human out-of-the-loop (HOOTL), yang mampu memilih dan menyerang target tanpa intervensi manusia. Kondisi tersebut menimbulkan persoalan hukum berkaitan dengan kepatuhan terhadap prinsip pembedaan dan proporsionalitas dalam hukum humaniter internasional (HHI), serta implikasi hukum apabila terjadi pelanggaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kedudukan HOOTL AWS sebagai senjata dalam konflik bersenjata internasional terkait prinsip pembedaan dan proporsionalitas, serta menganalisis implikasi hukum atas pelanggaran akibat penggunaannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konseptual, dan pendekatan kasus. Teknik analisis bahan hukum dilakukan secara preskriptif dengan menggunakan metode interpretasi hukum terhadap instrumen hukum internasional, doktrin, dan putusan pengadilan internasional. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa HOOTL AWS sebagai sistem senjata tunduk pada ketentuan Pasal 36 Protokol Tambahan I 1977 dan wajib memenuhi prinsip pembedaan dan proporsionalitas. Namun, karakteristik HOOTL AWS yang bersifat tidak dapat diprediksi, minim kontrol manusia, dan tidak memiliki kemampuan penilaian kontekstual menimbulkan risiko tinggi pelanggaran HHI, khususnya serangan yang indiskriminasi dan serangan yang tidak proporsional. Implikasi hukumnya menimbulkan pertanggungjawaban negara, serta membuka kemungkinan pertanggungjawaban pidana individu. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penguatan pengaturan internasional dan mekanisme pengawasan terhadap penggunaan HOOTL AWS dalam konflik bersenjata internasional.

The development of military technology based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) has led to the use of Autonomous Weapon Systems (AWS), particularly the Human out-of-the-loop (HOOTL) category, which are capable of selecting and attacking targets without human intervention. This condition raises legal issues concerning compliance with the principles of distinction and proportionality under International Humanitarian Law (IHL), as well as the legal implications arising from violations caused by their use. This research aims to analyze the legal status of HOOTL AWS as weapons in international armed conflicts in relation to the principles of distinction and proportionality, and to examine the legal implications of violations resulting from their use. This study employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The legal materials were analyzed prescriptively through legal interpretation of international legal instruments, doctrines, and international court decisions. The results show that HOOTL AWS, as weapon systems, are subject to Article 36 of Additional Protocol I 1977 and are required to comply with the principles of distinction and proportionality. However, the characteristics of HOOTL AWS, including unpredictability, minimal human control, and the inability to conduct contextual assessments, create a high risk of violating IHL, particularly through indiscriminate and disproportionate attacks. The legal implications give rise to state responsibility, while also opening the possibility of individual criminal responsibility. Therefore, stronger international regulation and oversight mechanisms concerning the use of HOOTL AWS in international armed conflicts are necessary.