Karakterisasi Kromosom dan Fenotip Utama Tanaman Padi Hasil Pemuliaan Tanaman di Daerah Kedungbondo Kabupaten Bojonegoro

Characterizations of Chromosomes and Main Phenotypes of Rice Plants From Plant Breeding in Kedungbondo Region, Bojonegoro Regency

Padi (Oryza sativa) merupakan tanaman pokok yang memiliki kontribusi penting di bidang pertanian. Di Indonesia terdapat 257 varietas tanaman padi yang dirilis sejak tahun 1980 hingga tahun 2017. Keragaman varietas yang melimpah disebabkan adanya perbedaan faktor genetik dari rekayasa molekuler. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memaparkan karakterisasi kromosom dan karakterisasai fenotip dari padi varietas cihering, IR 64, dan K90. Karakterisasi kromosom berupa fase mitosis sel dan jumlah kromosom, sementara itu karakterisasi fenotip berupa data kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Pengujian dilakukan dengan Uji Anava satu arah taraf 5% dan dilanjutkan dengan Uji Duncan pada taraf signifikasi 5%. Analisis data dilakukan dengan software Microsoft Excel, Adobe Photoshop, dan SPSS versi 23. for windows. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tiga varietas tanaman padi memiliki perbedaan waktu optimal mitosis sel. Padi varietas ciherang terjadi pada pukul 12.00 WIB pada fase prometafase, padi varietas IR 64 terjadi pada pukul 09.00 WIB pada fase telofase, dan padi varietas baru K90 terjadi pada pukul 09.00 WIB pada fase profase. Tiga varietas tanaman padi memiiki jumlah kromosom diploid yakni 2n = 24. Padi varietas baru K90 memiliki karakter unggul lebih banyak dibanding varietas padi indukan. Karakter unggul varietas baru K90 meliputi karakter tinggi tanaman (cm), diameter batang (cm), panjang braktea (cm), jumlah malai, dan jumlah bulir setiap malai. Karakterisasi kromosom dan fenotip utama tanaman padi pada penelitian ini dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai upaya budidaya tanaman padi varietas baru unggul dan membantu memperbaiki kuantitias serta kualitas hasil produktivitas tanaman padi.

Kata kunci: fenotip, karakterisasi, kromosom, tanaman padi.

Rice (Oryza sativa) is a staple crop that has an important contribution in agriculture. In Indonesia there were 257 varieties of rice plants released from 1980 to 2017. The abundant diversity of varieties is due to differences in genetic factors from molecular engineering. The purpose of this study was to describe the characterization of chromosome and phenotypic in cihering, IR 64, and K90 rice varieties. Chromosomal characterization was in the form of cell mitotic phase and number of chromosomes, while phenotypic characterization was in the form of quantitative and qualitative data. The test was carried out with a one-way Anava test at 5% level and continued with Duncan's test at a significance level of 5%. Data analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel, Adobe Photoshop, and SPSS version 23. for windows software. The results showed that the three varieties of rice plants had different optimal times for cell mitosis. Ciherang rice variety occurs at 12.00 WIB in the prometaphase, IR 64 rice variety occurs at 09.00 WIB in the telophase, and the K90 new rice variety occurs at 09.00 WIB in the prophase. Three varieties of rice plants have a diploid chromosomes that is 2n = 24. The K90 new rice variety has more superior characters than the parent rice varieties. The superior characteristics of the K90 new variety included plant height (cm), stem diameter (cm), bract length (cm), number of panicles, and number of grains per panicle. The characterization of chromosomes and the main phenotypes of rice plants in this study can be used as an effort to cultivate new superior varieties of rice plants and help improve the quantity and quality of rice productivity results.

Key words: characterization, chromosomes, phenotype, rice plant.