MASKULINISASI PEKERJAAN INFORMAL PEDAGANG KAKI LIMA BIDANG KULINER (Studi di Pasar Rakyat Jambangan Masjid Al-Akbar Surabaya)

MASCULINIZATION ON INFORMAL WORK OF STREET VENDORS IN CULINARY FIELD (Study at Pasar Rakyat Jambangan Al-Akbar Mosque Surabaya)

Pekerjaan domestik dikonstruksikan masyarakat sebagai pekerjaan perempuan di rumah. Akan tetapi, pekerjaan domestik mengalami pelebaran ke ranah publik produktif, seperti mengasuh anak menjadi usaha tempat penitipan anak, mencuci menjadi usaha cuci baju, membersihkan rumah menjadi jasa pelayanan kebersihan, berdandan menjadi jasa tata rias, hingga memasak menjadi koki dan PKL bidang kuliner. Peneliti memfokuskan pada pekerjaan domestik memasak, karena termasuk momen penting evolusi spesies manusia purba menjadi manusia modern. Dalam proses melebar ke ranah publik, pekerjaan domestik memasak yang diperankan oleh perempuan justru didominasi laki-laki, seperti koki dan PKL bidang kuliner yang diistilahkan sebagai maskulinisasi suatu pekerjaan. Terdapat penelitian terdahulu mengenai dominasi laki-laki koki pekerjaan formal, yakni karena jam kerja panjang dan tenaga besar, tetapi termasuk pekerjaan bergengsi. Lain hal dengan laki-laki sebagai PKL bidang kuliner yang belum diteliti mengenai alasan maskulinisasinya, karena merupakan pekerjaan informal marjinal. Tujuan penelitian untuk menganalisis kondisi objektif PKL bidang kuliner; perspektif nature dan nurture maskulinisasi PKL bidang kuliner; serta latar belakang laki-laki menjadi PKL bidang kuliner. Jenis penelitian adalah kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi Edmund Husserl. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) kondisi objektif berdasarkan jenis komoditas kuliner, kepemilikan, pendapatan, modal, dan pungutan PKL bidang kuliner di Pasar Rakyat Jambangan, (2) latar belakang seorang laki-laki menjadi PKL bidang kuliner adalah karena tuntutan ekonomi sebagai faktor pendorong dan memiliki relasi sosial sebagai faktor penarik, (3) konsep diri dari PKL laki-laki bidang kuliner yakni ada yang bangga, teralienasi dengan pekerjaannya atau malu, senang terhadap pekerjaannya atau hobi, dan biasa saja, (4) berdasarkan perspektif gender nature, PKL laki-laki bidang kuliner menganggap dirinya memiliki tanggung jawab untuk menghidupi keluarga dan sebagai tulang punggung mencari nafkah. Sedangkan, dari perspektif gender nurture, PKL laki-laki bidang kuliner mewajari dan tidak mempermasalahkan mengerjakan kegiatan memasak walau termasuk ke dalam pekerjaan domestik. Artinya, PKL laki-laki juga menyetujui jika pekerjaan domestik ataupun publik bisa dilakukan baik oleh perempuan ataupun laki-laki.

Kata Kunci: Laki-Laki, Maskulinisasi, Memasak, Pedagang Kaki Lima

Domestic work is constructed by society as women's work at home. However, domestic work has widened into the productive public sphere, such as raising children to become a daycare business, washing to become a laundry business, cleaning houses to become cleaning services, dressing up to become cosmetology services, to cooking to become chefs and street vendors in the culinary field. Researchers focus on domestic cooking, because it is an important moment in the evolution of ancient human species into modern humans. In the process of expanding into the public sphere, the domestic work of cooking which is played by women is actually dominated by men, such as chefs and street vendors in the culinary field which is termed as masculinizing a job. There is previous research regarding the dominance of male chefs in formal jobs, namely because of long working hours and a lot of energy, but it is considered a prestigious job. It's a different matter with men as street vendors in the culinary field who have not been researched regarding the reasons for their masculinization, because it is a marginal informal job. The aim of this research is to analyze the objective condition of street vendors in the culinary field; the perspective of nature and nurture masculinization of street vendors in the culinary field; as well as the background of men becoming street vendors in the culinary field. This type of research is qualitative with Edmund Husserl's phenomenological approach. The results showed that (1) objective conditions based on the type of culinary commodity, ownership, income, capital, and fees for street vendors in the culinary field at the Jambangan People's Market, (2) the background of a man becoming a street vendor in the culinary field is due to economic demands as a driving factor and having social relations as a pulling factor, (3) the self-concept of male street vendors in the culinary field, namely that some are proud, alienated from their work or ashamed, happy about their work or hobby, and so-so, (4) based on a gender nature perspective, male street vendors in the culinary field consider themselves to have a responsibility to support the family and as the backbone of earning a living. Meanwhile, from a gender nurture perspective, male street vendors in the culinary field make it natural and they don't mind doing cooking activities even though they are part of domestic work. That is, male street vendors also agree that domestic or public work can be done by both women and men.

Keywords: Men, Masculinization, Cooking, Street Vendors