DETERMINAN FAKTOR-FAKTOR PENENTU PENYALURAN KREDIT DI INDUSTRI PERBANKAN INDONESIA

DETERMINANTS OF FACTORS AFFECTING CREDIT DISTRIBUTION IN THE INDONESIAN BANKING INDUSTRY

Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh faktor internal bank yaitu total aset, ROA, NIM, LDR, dan NPL serta faktor eksternal berupa inflasi dan BI Rate terhadap penyaluran kredit di Bank KBMI 4 di Indonesia selama periode 2015-2024. Menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif, data panel bulanan dari empat Bank KBMI 4 (Bank Rakyat Indonesia, Bank Mandiri, Bank Central Asia, dan Bank Negara Indonesia), total 480 observasi. Data dikumpulkan dari laporan keuangan dan publikasi resmi Bank Indonesia. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan regresi data panel dengan Fixed Effect Model yang dikoreksi standar error robust, serta variabel dummy pasca pandemi.

Hasil menunjukkan bahwa secara parsial, total aset dan LDR berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap penyaluran kredit, sedangkan NPL berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan. ROA, NIM, dan inflasi tidak berpengaruh signifikan, sementara BI Rate berpengaruh negatif pada tingkat signifikansi 10%. Secara simultan, semua variabel independen berpengaruh signifikan terhadap penyaluran kredit, dengan dummy menunjukkan perubahan struktural perilaku bank pasca pandemi. 

Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa faktor internal bank merupakan penentu utama penyaluran kredit di bank KBMI 4, sedangkan faktor eksternal berperan lebih terbatas. Temuan ini diharapkan menjadi pertimbangan bagi manajemen bank dan regulator dalam merumuskan kebijakan yang mendukung stabilitas kredit dan pertumbuhan berkelanjutan. 

Kata Kunci: penyaluran kredit; data panel; faktor internal bank; kebijakan moneter; pandemi COVID-19.

This study aims to analyze the effects of internal bank factors, namely total assets, ROA, NIM, LDR, and NPL, as well as external factors in the form of inflation and the BI Rate, on credit distribution in KBMI 4 banks in Indonesia during the 2015-2025 period. This research employs a quantitative approach with an econometric framework. The data used are monthly panel data from four KBMI 4 banks, Bank Rakyat Indonesia, Bank Mandiri, Bank Central Asia, and Bank Negara Indonesia with a total of 480 observations. Data collection was conducted through documentation of financial statements and official publications from Bank Indonesia. Data analysis was carried out using panel data regression with a Fixed Effect Model corrected by robust standard errors and supplemented with a post-COVID-19 pandemic dummy variable.

The results show that, partially, total assets and LDR have a positive and significant effect on credit distribution, while NPL has a negative and significant effect. ROA, NIM, and inflation do not have a significant effect on credit distribution. The BI Rate has a negative effect at the 10 percent significance level. Simultaneously, all independent variables significantly affect credit distribution. The inclusion of the post pandemic dummy variable indicates a structural change in banks’ credit distribution behavior after the pandemic.

This study concludes that internal bank factors are the main determinants of credit distribution in KBMI 4 banks, while external factors play a more limited role. The findings are expected to serve as considerations for bank management and regulators in formulating policies that support credit stability and sustainable growth.

Keywords: credit distribution; KBMI 4; panel data; internal bank factors; monetary policy; COVID-19 pandemic