Transformasi Tanda dalam Ritual Balia Etnik Kaili di Sulawesi Tengah Kajian Metapragmasemiotik
Transformation of Signs on Balia Ritual of Kaili Ethnic in Central Sulawesi A Metapragmasemiotic Study
ABSTRAK
Agustan. 2020. NIM. 157956007, “Transformasi Tanda dalam Ritual Balia Etnik Kaili di Sulawesi Tengah: Kajian Metapragmasemiotik”. Disertasi. Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra, Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Surabaya. Promotor, Prof. Dr. Setya Yuwana, M.A., Kopromotor. Dr. Budinuryanta Yohanes, M.Pd.
Kata-kata kunci: transformasi, tanda, balia, dan metapragmasemiotik.
Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menemukan dan mendeskripsikan transformasi tanda dalam ritual balia etnik Kaili mencakup (1) perubahan bentuk tanda dalam ritual balia (2) perubahan maksud tanda dalam ritual balia, dan (3) perubahan fungsi tanda dalam ritual balia.
Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif. Teori yang digunakan adalah metalinguistik, pragmatik, dan semiotik yang dipadukan menjadi ilmu interdisipliner metapragmasemiotik. Penelitian ini berpendekatan deskriptif kualitatif, etnografi, dan interdisipliner. Sumber data teks mantra pengobatan. Data dikumpulkan melalui pengamatan, pencatatan, perekaman, dan wawancara. Teknik analisis data menggunakan hermeneutik objektif yang dibagi atas dua prosedur yakni (1) analisis berangkai dan (2) analisis terinci. Teknik pengujian keabsahan data menggunakan triangulasi, diskusi group terfokus, dan pemeriksaan pakar.
Hasil penelitian ini adalah menemukan perubahan bentuk tanda, perubahan maksud tanda, dan perubahan fungsi tanda dalam mantra ritual balia. Temuan perubahan bentuk tanda yakni: (1) qualisign-reduplikasi-bahasa Kaili, (2) qualisign–legisign–inconicsinsign–bahasa Kaili, (3) reduplikasi–inconicsinsign–bahasa Kaili, (4) qualisign–legisign–bahasa Kaili, (5) qualisign–sinsign–legisign–bahasa Kaili, (6) qualisign–sinsign–bahasa Kaili, (7) rhematicsymbol, qualisign–sinsign–bahasa Kaili, (8) qualisign-bahasa Kaili, (9) qualisign-icon-bahasa Kaili, (10) qualisign-inconicsinsign-bahasa Kaili, (11) reduplikasi-qualisign-sinsign-bahasa Kaili, (12) sinsign–legisign–bahasa Kaili, (13) qualisign-symbol-bahasa Kaili, dan (14) rheme–bahasa Kaili. Perubahan maksud tanda yakni (1) peyorasi → ameliorasi, (2) metafora → metonimia - asosiasi, (3) asosiasi → generalisasi, (4) spesialisasi → generalisasi, (5) peyorasi → ameliorasi – spesialisasi → generalisasi, (6) metafora → peyorasi, (7) metonimia → sinekdoke, (8) metafora → generalisasi, (9) generalisasi → spesialisasi, (10) spesialisasi → generalisasi – peyorasi → ameliorasi, dan (11) sinekdoke→ metonimia. Perubahan fungsi tanda yakni: (1) direktif→ekspresif, (2) direktif→verdiktif, (3) direktif→komisif, (4) asertif→direktif, (5) fatis→direktif, (6) asertif→ekspresif, (7) ekspresif→asertif, (8) komisif→direktif, (9) asertif→verdiktif, (10) direktif→asertif, (11) ekspresif→verdiktif, dan (12) verdiktif→ekspresif.
Secara teoretis penelitian ini menghasilkan ilmu baru interdisipliner metapragmasemiotik. Proposisi meliputi (1) transidensi mantra ritual balia pada perubahan bentuk tanda, (2) sakralisasi mantra ritual balia pada perubahan maksud tanda, dan (3) transmisi mantra ritual balia pada perubahan fungsi tanda. Secara praktis temuan penelitian ini bermanfaat bagi (1) Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Kota Palu dan Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah terkait kurikulum muatan lokal dan pelestarian tradisi lisan, (2) Dinas Pariwisata Kota Palu dan Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah terkait promosi budaya Kaili, (3) perguruan tinggi terkait pengajaran mata kuliah sastra lisan, dan (4) peneliti berikutnya terkait teori dan pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan.
ABSTRACT
Agustan 2020. ID. 157956007, "Transformation of Signs on Balia Ritual of Kaili Ethnic in Central Sulawesi: A Metapragmasemiotic Study". Dissertation. Language and Literature Education Study Program, Postgraduate, Surabaya State University. Promoter, Prof. Dr. Setya Yuwana, M.A., Co-promoter. Dr. Budinuryanta Yohanes, M.Pd.
Key words: transformation, sign, balia, and metapragmasemiotic.
The purposes of this study are to find and describe the transformation of signs on balia ritual of Kaili ethnic including (1) transformation of sign form on balia ritual (2) transformation of sign meaning on balia ritual, and (3) transformation of sign function on balia ritual.
This research method used qualitative method. The theory used are metalinguistic, pragmatic, and semiotic which are combined into metapragmasemiotic interdisciplinary study. This research have descriptive qualitative, ethnography, and interdisciplinary approach. The data source is treatment spell text. Data was collected through observation, writing, recording, and interview. The data analysis technique used objective hermeneutic which is divided into two procedures: those are (1) sequential analysis and (2) detailed analysis. Data validity testing techniques used triangulation, focus group discussions, and experts’ examinations.
The result of this research is to find transformation of the sign form, transformation of the sign meaning, and transformation of the sign function in the balia ritual spell. The findings of transformation in sign form are: (1) qualisign-reduplication-Kaili language, (2) qualisign-legisign-inconicsinsign-Kaili language, (3) reduplication-inconicsinsign-Kaili language, (4) qualisign-legisign-Kaili language, (5) qualisign-sinsign-legisign-Kaili language, (6) qualisign-sinsign-Kaili language, (7) rhematicsymbol, qualisign-sinsign-Kaili language, (8) qualisign-Kaili language, (9) qualisign-icon-Kaili language, (10) qualisign-inconicsinsign-Kaili language, (11) reduplication-qualisign-sinsign-Kaili language, (12) sinsign-legisign-Kaili language, (13) qualisign-symbol-Kaili language, and (14) rheme-Kaili language. The transformation in the sign meaning are (1) pejoration → amelioration, (2) metaphor → metonymy - association, (3) association → generalization, (4) specialization → generalization, (5) pejoration → amelioration - specialization → generalization, (6) metaphor → pejoration, (7) metonymy → synecdoche, (8) metaphor → generalization, (9) generalization → specialization, (10) specialization → generalization - pejoration → amelioration, and (11) synecdoche → metonymy. The transformation in the sign function are: (1) directive → expressive, (2) directive → verdictive, (3) directive → commissive, (4) assertive → directive, (5) phatic → directive, (6) assertive → expressive, (7) expressive → assertive, (8) commissive → directive, (9) assertive → verdictive, (10) directive → assertive, (11) expressive → verdictive, and (12) verdictive → expressive.
Theoretically, this research produces a new study of metapragmasemiotic interdisciplinary. The propositions include (1) the transcendence of the balia ritual spell on the transformation of the sign form, (2) the sacralization of the balia ritual spell on the transformation of the sign meaning, and (3) the transmission of the balia ritual spell on the transformation of the sign function. Practically the findings of this study are useful for (1) the Department of Education and Culture of Palu City and Central Sulawesi Province, regarding the local content curriculum and the preservation of oral traditions, (2) the Department of Tourism of Palu City and Central Sulawesi Province, regarding the promotion of Kaili's culture, (3) Colleges, related to teaching oral literature courses, and (4) the next researchers, related to the theory and research approach used.