PRAKSIS SOSIAL WACANA KESEHATAN DALAM PEMBERITAAN COVID-19 DI MEDIA MASSA INDONESIA: PERSPEKTIF ANALISIS WACANA EKOLINGUISTIK
Social Practices of Health Discourse in COVID-19 Reporting in Indonesian Mass Media from the Perspective of Ecological Linguistics Discourse Analysis.
Khusnul Khotimah. 2024. Praksis Sosial Wacana Kesehatan Pemberitaan COVID-19 di Media Massa Indonesia: Perspektif Analisis Wacana Ekolinguistik. Disertasi, Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra, Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Pembimbing (I) Prof. Dr. Kisyani, M.Hum. (II) Dr. Suhartono, M.Pd.
Kata Kunci: praksis sosial, dimensi biologis, dimensi sosiologis, dimensi ideologis, framing media, analisis wacana ekolinguistik
Pandemi COVID-19 telah menunjukkan peran penting media massa dalam menyampaikan informasi kesehatan kepada masyarakat. Di tengah informasi yang terus mengalir, media massa online di Indonesia menjadi salah satu sumber utama berita dan pemahaman mengenai COVID-19. Aspek kebahasaan dan wacana yang digunakan dalam pemberitaan berperan penting dalam membentuk persepsi dan perilaku masyarakat terhadap situasi kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan (1) mengeksplorasi praksis sosial wacana kesehatan pemberitaan COVID-19 di media massa online Indonesia, dalam tiga dimensi (dimensi biologis, dimensi sosiologis, dan dimensi ideologis); (2) mengksplorasi framing media dalam pemberitaan COVID-19, dengan perspektif analisis wacana ekolinguistik. Metode penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan kajian analisis wacana ekolinguistik. Kajian analisis wacana ekolinguistik mengadopsi ekosofi—filsafat keserasian atau keseimbangan ekologi— sebagai kerangka normatif prinsipnya. Inti dari ekosofi adalah komitmen terhadap keseimbangan ekologi. Penelitian ini merujuk konsep ekosofi “Keanekaragaman dan Harmoni, Interaksi dan Koeksistensi”. Data penelitian berupa berita COVID-19 di media massa Okezone, Tribunnews, dan Detik berjumlah 51 berita yang terkategorisasi dalam 17 tema pemberitaan. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan arsip berita tulis dan tabel pengumpul data. Teknik pengujian keabsahan data menggunakan triangulasi data/sumber dan pengecekan pakar. Adapun teknik analisis datanya menggunakan metode agih dan metode padan dengan teknik lanjutan yakni teknik substitusi dan parafrase.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa praksis sosial tiga dimensi (dimensi biologis, dimensi sosiologis, dimensi ideologis) dengan properti ekologis dan orientasi ekologis yang merujuk ekosofi penelitian. Diperoleh temuan bahwa wacana berita COVID-19 di media massa Okezone, Tribunnews, dan Detik berorientasi eko-manfaat, eko destruktif, dan eko-ambivelen. Adapun hasil temuan framing ketiga media menunjukkan framing positif.
Praksis sosial dimensi biologis dalam wacana berita yang berorientasi eko-manfaat direpresentasikan melalui properti dan orientasi ekologis yang menekankan tindakan positif pemerintah dan kesadaran ekologis. Wacana berita yang berorientasi eko-destruktif direpresentasikan melalui properti ekologis cenderung menyoroti dampak negatif dan kurang mendukung ekosofi penelitian. Sementara itu, wacana berita yang berorientasi eko-ambivelen direpresentasikan melalui properti ekologis menciptakan keseimbangan dan keberimbangan dalam pemberitaan. Praksis sosial dalam dimensi sosiologis menunjukkan orientasi eko-manfaat terrepresentasi melalui properti ekologis menekankan pada tindakan penting dan mendesak dalam merespons COVID-19. Wacana berita yang berorientasi eko-destruktif menekankan potensi perubahan dan mengingatkan pada konsekuensi tindakan destruktif. Wacana berita yang berorientasi eko-ambivelen menciptakan narasi positif dan negatif seputar tindakan dan kebijakan yang diambil pemerintah. Praksis sosial dimensi ideologis, berorientasi eko-manfaat menekankan pentingnya perlindungan ekosistem dan kesehatan masyarakat. Wacana berita yang beorientasi eko-ambivelen yang mencoba menyeimbangkan antara kesehatan masyarakat, pemulihan ekonomi, dan keberlanjutan lingkungan.
Framing media Okezone, Tribunnews, dan Detik cenderung bernilai positif, tetapi dengan perbedaan dalam representasi domain target, domain sumber, dan leksikon pemicu khusus. Media Okezone bersifat informatif dan konservatif, media Tribunnews cenderung fokus pada aspek kesehatan dengan potensi framing destruktif, sedangkan media Detik menyajikan berita informatif, kesehatan, dan hiburan dengan berbagai sudut pandang.
Penelitian ini memberikan wawasan tentang strategi media massa Indonesia membingkai pemberitaan COVID-19, mempertimbangkan aspek-aspek ekologis, sosial, dan ideologis. Kesimpulan penelitian ini dapat menjadi landasan untuk pemahaman lebih lanjut tentang praksis sosial dan framing media dalam konteks kesehatan global di massa pandemi, dengan orientasi kesadaran ekologis pascapandemi.
ABSTRACT
Khusnul Khotimah. 2024. Social Praxis of Health Discourse in COVID-19 News Reporting in Indonesian Mass Media: An Ecolinguistic Discourse Analysis Perspective. Dissertation, Language and Literature Education Program, Postgraduate School, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Advisors (I) Prof. Dr. Kisyani, M.Hum. (II) Dr. Suhartono, M.Pd.
Keywords: social praxis, biological dimension, sociological dimension, ideological dimension, media framing, ecolinguistic discourse analysis
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial role of mass media in conveying health information to the public. Amidst the continuous flow of information, online mass media in Indonesia has become a primary source of news and understanding regarding COVID-19. The linguistic and discursive aspects used in reporting play a significant role in shaping public perception and behavior towards health situations. This study aims to (1) explore the social praxis of health discourse in COVID-19 news reporting in Indonesian online mass media, across three dimensions (biological dimension, sociological dimension, and ideological dimension); (2) explore media framing in COVID-19 reporting from the perspective of ecolinguistic discourse analysis. This research employs a descriptive qualitative method with an ecolinguistic discourse analysis approach. Ecolinguistic discourse analysis adopts ecosophy—the philosophy of ecological harmony or balance—as its normative principle framework. The essence of ecosophy is a commitment to ecological balance. This study refers to the ecosophy concept of "Diversity and Harmony, Interaction and Coexistence." The research data comprises 51 news articles about COVID-19 from Okezone, Tribunnews, and Detik, categorized into 17 reporting themes. The research instruments include written news archives and data collection tables. The validity of the data is tested using data/source triangulation and expert checking. The data analysis technique employs distributional and referential methods with advanced techniques such as substitution and paraphrasing.
The research findings indicate that the social praxis of the three dimensions (biological, sociological, ideological) aligns with the ecological properties and orientation of the research's ecosophy. It was found that COVID-19 news discourse in Okezone, Tribunnews, and Detik is oriented towards eco-beneficial, eco-destructive, and eco-ambivalent. The framing results of the three media show a positive framing tendency.
The social praxis of the biological dimension in eco-beneficial oriented news discourse is represented through ecological properties and orientations that emphasize positive government actions and ecological awareness. Eco-destructive oriented news discourse highlights negative impacts and is less supportive of the research's ecosophy. Meanwhile, eco-ambivalent oriented news discourse creates a balance and equilibrium in reporting. The social praxis in the sociological dimension shows that eco-beneficial orientation is represented through ecological properties that emphasize important and urgent actions in responding to COVID-19. Eco-destructive news discourse emphasizes the potential for change and reminds of the consequences of destructive actions. Eco-ambivalent news discourse creates both positive and negative narratives around the actions and policies taken by the government. The social praxis of the ideological dimension with an eco-beneficial orientation emphasizes the importance of ecosystem protection and public health. Eco-ambivalent news discourse attempts to balance public health, economic recovery, and environmental sustainability.
The media framing of Okezone, Tribunnews, and Detik tends to be positive, with differences in the representation of target domains, source domains, and specific triggering lexicons. Okezone is informative and conservative, Tribunnews tends to focus on health aspects with the potential for destructive framing, while Detik presents informative news, health, and entertainment from various perspectives.
This research provides insights into the strategies of Indonesian mass media in framing COVID-19 news, considering ecological, social, and ideological aspects. The conclusions of this study can serve as a basis for further understanding of social praxis and media framing in the context of global health during the pandemic, with an orientation towards post-pandemic ecological awareness.