Keanekaragaman Spesies Anggrek di Ranu Darungan Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru

Diversity of Orchid Species in Ranu Darungan Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park

        Anggrek merupakan tumbuhan berbunga famili Orchidaceae dengan jumlah spesies terbanyak di dunia. Salah satu kawasan yang kaya akan biodiversitas anggrek yaitu Ranu Darungan yang terletak di Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru (TNBTS). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi spesies anggrek dan mendeskripsikan keanekaragaman anggrek di kawasan Ranu Darungan TNBTS. Penelitian ini dilakukan secara eksplorasi dengan metode line transect. Eksplorasi dilakukan dengan berjalan sepanjang jalur pengamatan dengan mengamati, mencatat dan mendokumentasikan setiap perjumpaan anggrek. Spesies anggrek diidentifikasi menggunakan buku identifikasi anggrek “Orchid of Java”. Keanekaragaman dianalisis dengan indeks keanekaragaman Shannon-Wienner. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di Ranu Darungan TNBTS ditemukan 44 spesies dari 28 marga yang terdiri atas 18 spesies dari 18 marga anggrek epifit, 25 spesies dari 17 marga anggrek terestrial dan satu spesies anggrek saprofit. Indeks keanekaragaman anggrek di Ranu Darungan TNBTS 2,995. Nilai kemelimpahan relatif anggrek tertinggi yaitu Appendiculla sp. sebesar 12,64%, sedangkan nilai kemelimpahan relatif terendah yaitu Eria javanica, Liparis javanica, Oberonia sp., Peristylus djampangensis, Peristylus sp., Plocoglottis acuminata,  Spathoglottis sp., dan Vanilla aphylla sebesar 0,09%. Sehingga Ranu Darungan TNBTS berpotensi sebagai habitat anggrek baik epifit, terestrial dan saprofit.

Kata kunci: Anggrek; keanekaragaman; Ranu Darungan Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru.

Orchid is a flowering plant of the family Orchidaceae with the highest number of species in the world. Ranu Darungan, which located in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS), has a high orchid biodiversity. This study aimed to identify orchid species and described the diversity of orchid in the Ranu Darungan TNBTS. This research was explored using the line transect method. Exploration was carried out by walking along the transect by observing, recording and documenting each orchid encounter. Orchid species were identified using the orchid identification book "Orchid of Java". Orchid diversity was analyzed based on Shannon-Wienner diversity index. The results showed that in Ranu Darungan TNBTS were found 44 species from 28 genera consisting of 18 species from 18 genera of epiphytic orchids, 25 species from 17 genera of terrestrial orchids and one species of saprophytic orchids. Orchid diversity index of Ranu Darungan TNBTS was 2.995. The highest relative abundance of orchids was Appendiculla sp. which was 12.64%, and the lowest was Eria javanica, Liparis javanica, Oberonia sp., Peristylus dampangensis, Peristylus sp., Plocoglottis acuminata, Spathoglottis sp., and Vanilla aphylla which was 0.09% for each species. It means that Ranu Darungan TNBTS has the potential as a habitat for both epiphytic, terestrial and saprophytic orchid.

Key words: Orchids; diversity; Ranu Darungan Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park.