ANALISIS PUTUSAN KASASI MAHKAMAH AGUNG NOMOR 1290 K/PDT/2023 TENTANG GUGATAN PERBUATAN MELAWAN HUKUM BERDASARKAN PASAL 1367 KUHPERDATA (VICARIOUS LIABILITY)

ANALYSIS OF SUPREME COURT CASSATION DECISION NUMBER 1290 K/PDT/2023 CONCERNING LAWSUITS ON UNLAWFUL ACTS BASED ON ARTICLE 1367 OF THE INDONESIAN CIVIL CODE (VICARIOUS LIABILITY)

Penelitian ini menganalisis pertimbangan hukum dan akibat hukum Putusan Kasasi Mahkamah Agung Nomor 1290 K/Pdt/2023 terkait gugatan perbuatan melawan hukum berdasarkan Pasal 1367 KUHPerdata (vicarious liability). Fokus kajian diarahkan pada pertanggungjawaban perdata PT Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk atas perbuatan melawan hukum yang dilakukan oleh pegawainya serta implikasi yuridis dari putusan yang menyatakan gugatan tidak dapat diterima. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, studi kasus, dan konseptual. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Mahkamah Agung menguatkan putusan pengadilan tingkat banding dengan alasan gugatan mengandung cacat formil berupa kurang pihak (plurium litis consortium), karena tidak dilibatkannya pegawai pelaku sebagai pihak tergugat. Secara substantif, meskipun terdapat indikasi kelalaian bank dalam menjalankan kewajiban pengawasan internal, tanggung gugat bank tidak dapat dinilai secara tuntas karena pokok perkara tidak diperiksa. Penelitian ini juga menemukan adanya unsur contributory negligence dan itikad tidak baik dari pihak penggugat sebagai nasabah. Akibat hukum dari putusan tersebut adalah tidak adanya kepastian hukum mengenai pembagian tanggung jawab antara bank dan pegawainya. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini menekankan pentingnya ketepatan formil dalam penyusunan gugatan perdata serta penguatan sistem pengawasan internal perbankan guna mewujudkan perlindungan nasabah yang berimbang dengan prinsip pertanggungjawaban hukum bank.

Kata kunci: perbuatan melawan hukum, vicarious liability, pertanggungjawaban bank, gugatan perdata, perlindungan nasabah.

This study analyzes the legal reasoning and legal consequences of the Supreme Court Cassation Decision Number 1290 K/Pdt/2023 concerning a lawsuit on unlawful acts based on Article 1367 of the Indonesian Civil Code (vicarious liability). The focus of the study is directed at the civil liability of PT Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk for unlawful acts committed by its employees, as well as the juridical implications of a decision declaring the lawsuit inadmissible. This research employs a normative juridical method with statutory, case study, and conceptual approaches.

The findings indicate that the Supreme Court upheld the appellate court’s decision on the grounds that the lawsuit suffered from a formal defect in the form of lack of parties (plurium litis consortium), due to the failure to include the employee who committed the unlawful act as a defendant. Substantively, although there were indications of the bank’s negligence in fulfilling its internal supervisory obligations, the bank’s liability could not be comprehensively assessed because the merits of the case were not examined. The study also identifies the existence of contributory negligence and bad faith on the part of the plaintiff as a customer.

The legal consequence of this decision is the absence of legal certainty regarding the allocation of liability between the bank and its employee. Therefore, this study emphasizes the importance of formal accuracy in drafting civil lawsuits and the strengthening of internal banking supervision systems to ensure balanced customer protection in line with the principle of bank legal liability.

Keywords: unlawful acts, vicarious liability, bank liability, civil lawsuit, customer protection.