REPRESENTASI DISKRIMINASI TERHADAP KETURUNAN EKS-TAHANAN POLITIK: STUDI NOVEL NAMAKU ALAM KARYA LEILA S. CHUDORI DALAM PERSPEKTIF HEGEMONI GRAMSCI

REPRESENTATION OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE DESCENDANTS OF FORMER POLITICAL PRISONERS: A STUDY OF THE NOVEL NAMAKU ALAM BY LEILA S. CHUDORI FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF GRAMSCI'S HEGEMONY

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan representasi diskriminasi terhadap keturunan eks-tahanan politik dalam novel Namaku Alam karya Leila S. Chudori dengan menggunakan teori hegemoni Antonio Gramsci. Kajian ini berupaya mengungkap bagaimana kekuasaan ideologis bekerja melalui kebudayaan, hegemoni, ideologi dan kepercayaan populer (common sense), peran kaum intelektual, serta negara sebagaimana tercermin dalam teks sastra. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan sosiologi sastra, yang memandang karya sastra sebagai refleksi realitas sosial dan ideologis masyarakat. Data penelitian bersumber dari kutipan naratif, dialog, serta deskripsi situasi dalam novel Namaku Alam yang mengandung representasi kelima aspek utama pemikiran Gramsci, diperkuat dengan data sekunder berupa literatur berita yang merekam diskriminasi politik pada masa Orde Baru. Analisis data dilakukan dengan teknik analisis isi untuk menafsirkan pesan-pesan ideologis dan relasi kuasa dalam teks.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Namaku Alam merepresentasikan praktik diskriminasi terhadap keturunan eks-tahanan politik melalui lima bentuk utama. (1) Aspek kebudayaan memperlihatkan warisan stigma dan tradisi diskriminatif yang membentuk pandangan sosial; (2) aspek hegemoni menampakkan dominasi ideologi negara melalui pendidikan dan media; (3) aspek ideologi dan common sense tampak melalui istilah simbolik seperti “bersih diri” dan “bersih lingkungan” yang menjustifikasi pengucilan sosial; (4) aspek kaum intelektual menampilkan adanya intelektual tradisional yang mendukung status quo dan intelektual organik yang melawan dominasi; serta (5) aspek negara berperan sebagai lembaga represif dan hegemonik yang mengontrol narasi sejarah. Secara keseluruhan, novel ini berfungsi sebagai arsip kultural yang menyingkap bagaimana kekuasaan bertahan melalui konsensus ideologis, bukan semata paksaan. Penelitian ini menegaskan relevansi teori Gramsci dalam memahami relasi kuasa, ideologi, dan perlawanan dalam karya sastra Indonesia modern. Temuan ini berimplikasi pada peningkatan kesadaran kritis masyarakat dan penguatan kajian akademik mengenai pelestarian memori sejarah serta perlindungan hak-hak kelompok rentan.

Kata kunci: Antonio Gramsci, Hegemoni, Novel, Sastra

This study aims to describe the representation of discrimination against the descendants of former political prisoners in Leila S. Chudori's novel "Namaku Alam" (My Name Is Alam) using Antonio Gramsci's theory of hegemony. This study seeks to uncover how ideological power operates through culture, hegemony, ideology and popular belief (common sense), the role of intellectuals, and the state, as reflected in literary texts. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with a sociological approach to literature, which views literary works as reflections of society's social and ideological realities. The research data are sourced from narrative excerpts, dialogues, and situational descriptions in the novel "Namaku Alam," which contain representations of the five main aspects of Gramsci's thought. This is supported by secondary data in the form of news literature documenting political discrimination during the New Order era. Data analysis was conducted using content analysis techniques to interpret ideological messages and power relations within the text.

The results show that "Namaku Alam" represents practices of discrimination against the descendants of former political prisoners through five main forms. (1) The cultural aspect demonstrates the legacy of stigma and discriminatory traditions that shape social views; (2) the hegemonic aspect demonstrates the dominance of state ideology through education and the media; (3) the ideological and common sense aspects are apparent through symbolic terms such as “self-cleanliness” and “environmental cleanliness” which justify social exclusion; (4) the intellectual aspect depicts the existence of traditional intellectuals who support the status quo and organic intellectuals who resist domination; and (5) the state aspect plays a role as a repressive and hegemonic institution that controls the historical narrative. Overall, this novel functions as a cultural archive that reveals how power persists through ideological consensus, not simply coercion. This research confirms the relevance of Gramsci’s theory in understanding the relations of power, ideology, and resistance in modern Indonesian literature. These findings have implications for increasing critical public awareness and strengthening academic studies on the preservation of historical memory and the protection of the rights of vulnerable groups.

Keywords: Antonio Gramsci, Hegemony, Novel, Literature.