Studi Tentang Ujian Sekolah Berstandar Nasional Dan Ujian Sekolah Pada Sekolah Dasar (Studi Multi Kasus di Sekolah Dasar Negeri Lawangan Daya II dan Sekolah Dasar Islam Al-Munawwarah Pamekasan)

A Study of National Standard School Examination And School Examination in Elementary School (Multi-Case Study at Lawangan Daya II State Elementary School and Al-Munawarah Pamekasan Islamic Elementary School)

Zahrah, Fatimatus. 2022. Studi Tentang Ujian Sekolah Berstandar Nasional Dan Ujian Sekolah Pada Sekolah Dasar (Studi Multi Kasus di Sekolah Dasar Negeri Lawangan Daya II dan Sekolah Dasar Islam Al-Munawwarah Pamekasan). Disertasi, Program Studi Manajemen Pendidikan Program Pascasarjana. Universitas Negeri Surabaya. Pembimbing : (I) Prof. Drs. Toho Cholik Mutohir, MA.,Ph.D., dan (II) Prof. Drs. Yoyok Soesatyo, S.H., MM. Ph.D

Kata-kata Kunci : Ujian Sekolah Berstandar Nasional, Ujian Sekolah, Sekolah Dasar

Evaluasi hasil belajar merupakan rangkaian dari proses belajar seorang siswa. Salah satu evaluasi belajar melalui penyelenggaraan ujian sekolah. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini untuk menganalisis pelaksanaan Ujian Sekolah Berstandar Nasional (USBN) dan Ujian Sekolah pada sekolah dasar yang terjadi di dua kasus berbeda yaitu Sekolah Dasar Negeri Lawangan Daya II dan Sekolah Dasar Islam Al- Munawwarah dan bagaimana implementasinya ditinjau dari segi penyelenggaraan, ketercapaian Standar Kompetensi Lulusan (SKL) dan Analisis Dampak Peraturan/Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) tentang perubahan USBN menjadi US pada Sekolah Dasar di Kabupatan Pamekasan, sehingga menemukan model rekomendasi penyelenggaraan ujian sekolah di sekolah dasar.

Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian studi multi kasus. Tempat penelitian ini adalah Sekolah Dasar Negeri Lawangan Daya II dan Sekolah Dasar Islam Al-Munawwarah Pamekasan. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Data yang terkumpul selanjutnya dianalisis secara mendalam dengan analisis dalam kasus tunggal melalaui kondensasi, display data, verifikasi dan penarikan kesimpulan pada masing-masing kasus kemudian dilakukan analisis lintas kasus guna menyusun konsep dan titik temu diantara kasus-kasus yang ada. Validasi data menggunakan kredibilitas, tranferabilitas, dependabilitas, dan konfirmabilitas.

Hasil penelitian pertama menunjukkan penyelenggaraan Ujian Sekolah Berstandar Nasional (USBN) sekolah dasar meliputi perencanaan, pelaksanaan, evaluasi. Pada tahap perencanaan membutuhkan persiapan-persiapan yang sangat matang oleh sekolah. Pelaksanaannya juga diatur seperti ujian negara. Walaupun hasil USBN hanya sebagai pemetaan oleh pemerintah, tetapi dalam pelaksanaannya  mengesankan hasilnya sangat menentukan nasib siswa berikutnya. Evaluasi terhadap hasil USBN dilakukan sekolah (kepala sekolah, guru, stakeholder) agar eksistensi dan penjaminan mutu lulusan di sekolah terus mengalami peningkatan.

Hasil penelitian kedua menunjukkan penyelenggaraan Ujian Sekolah (US) juga meliputi perencanaan, pelaksanaan, dan evaluasi.  Dalam perencanaan lebih fokus  pada persiapan yang bersifat administratif. Pelaksanaan US berlangsung seperti  ujian sehari-hari di kelas. Dan evaluasi hasil US  dilakukan  oleh  guru kelas sesuai dengan kewenangannya dalam menentukan nilai siswa-siswanya.

Hasil penelitian ketiga menunjukkan ketercapaian Standar Kompetensi Lulusan dalam penyelenggaraan USBN meliputi aspek kognitif dan psikomotor yang selalu dipantau dan terus diupayakan agar terus meningkat, lebih-lebih aspek kognitif. Aspek sikap tidak dapat dicapai melalui pelaksanaan USBN karena menyangkut perilaku sehari-hari.

Hasil penelitian keempat menunjukkan ketercapaian Standar Kompetensi Lulusan melalui Ujian Sekolah (US) meliputi aspek kognitif dan psikomotor. Aspek psikomotor hanya untuk level tertentu karena lebih dominan pada aspek kognitif. Ketercapaian SKL aspek sikap dilakukan melalui jurnal sikap oleh guru kelas berkolaborasi dengan guru mapel  tertentu.

Hasil penelitian kelima menunjukkan Analisis Dampak Peraturan/Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) tentang perubahan USBN menjadi US pada sekolah dasar sesuai tahapan identifikasi masalah, penetapan tujuan, pengembangan alternatif pilihan, penilaian berbagai alternatif, maka pemilihan kebijakan terbaik adalah menyandingkan penilaian nasional dengan penilaian lokal (ujian sekolah). Adapun demi efisiensi dan terciptanya budaya  digitalisasi sekolah pelaksanaan ujian atau penilaian nasional menggunakan sistem online. Hasil ujian nasional digunakan sebagai pemetaan dan bukan penentu kelulusan. Ujian tersebut juga dimulai sejak siswa di kelas empat sehingga meminimalisir keterkejutan-keterkejutan pelaksanaan penilaian standar atau nasional di sekolah dasar.

Zahrah, Fatimatus. 2022. A Study of National Standard School Examination And School Examination in Elementary School (Multi-Case Study at Lawangan Daya II State Elementary School and Al-Munawarah Pamekasan Islamic Elementary School). Dissertation, Postgraduate Educational Management Study Program. Surabaya State University. Supervisors : (I) Prof. Drs. Toho Cholik Mutohir, MA., Ph.D. dan (II) Prof. Drs. Yoyok Soesatyo, S.H., MM. Ph.D

Keywords: National Standard School Examination, School Examination, Elementary School

Learning outcome evaluation is a part of a student's learning process. One of the evaluations of learning is done through the administration of school examinations. The purpose of this study is to analyze the implementation of the National Standardized School Examination (USBN) and the School Examination in elementary schools that were employed in two different locations, Lawangan Daya II State Elementary School and Al-Munawwarah Islamic Elementary School, and how their implementation run in terms of the implementation method, the achievement of Graduate Competency Standards (SKL) and the Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) regarding the change of USBN to US in Elementary Schools in Pamekasan Regency, in order to find a recommendation model for administering school examination in elementary school level.

This research employed a qualitative approach with multi-case study research. The research locations were Lawangan Daya II State Elementary School and Al-Munawwarah Pamekasan Islamic Elementary School. The data were collected through interviews, observation, and documentation. The collected data were then analyzed in-depth with analysis in a single case through condensation, data display, verification and drawing conclusions in each case then a cross-case analysis is carried out to develop concepts and common ground between the existing cases. The data were validated using credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability test.

The results of the first study showed that the implementation of the National Standard School Examination (USBN) for elementary schools involved planning, implementation, and evaluation stages. The planning stage required cautious preparations by the school stakeholders. The implementation was also arranged similarly to a state examination. Even though the results of USBN is only used by the government for school mapping purpose, in its practice it seems like the results will determine the fate of the student's future. Schools (principals, teachers, and stakeholders) evaluate the results of the USBN so that the existence and quality assurance of the graduates is continuously increasing.

The results of the second study showed that the implementation of the School Examination (US) also involved planning, implementation, and evaluation stages. However, the planning only employed administrative preparation. The implementation of US is similar to a daily test in the classroom. In addition, the evaluation of US was carried out by the school teachers based on their authority in determining the students’ score.

The results of the third study showed that the achievement of Graduate Competency Standards in the implementation of USBN included cognitive and psychomotor aspects which are always monitored and strived to continue to improve especially cognitive aspects. The attitude aspect cannot be achieved through the implementation of USBN because it involves daily behavior.

The results of the fourth study showed that the achievement of Graduate Competency Standards through the School Examination (US) involved cognitive and psychomotor aspects. The psychomotor aspect is only for a certain level because it is more dominant in the cognitive aspect. The achievement of minimum standard of competency in attitude aspect was carried out through attitude journals by class teachers collaborating with certain subject teachers.

The results of the fifth study showed that Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) regarding the change of USBN to US in elementary schools is inline with the problem identification stage, goal setting, development of alternative choices, and assessment of various alternatives, the best policy to make is to juxtapose the national examination with the local examination (School examination). However, to fulfill the need for efficiency and the creation of school digitalization culture, the implementation of evaluation or assessment should employ online system. The result of national examination is used as school mapping and not for determining students’ graduation. In addition, the examination should be administered to students in fourth grade to minimize the test anxiety of implementing standard evaluation or national evaluation in elementary schools.