Ikonografi Medalion Binatang Mitologi pada Relief Candi Penataran

Iconography Mythological Animal Medallion on the Relief of Candi Penataran

Candi Penataran terletak di Desa Penataran, Kecamatan Nglegok, Kabupaten Blitar, Jawa Timur. Candi ini merupakan candi terbesar di Jawa Timur yang dibangun selama tiga periode yaitu oleh Kerajaan Kadiri, Kerajaan Singhasari, dan Kerajaan Majapahit. Tujuan penelitian yaitu untuk mengetahui dan mendeskripsikan relief medalion binatang pada candi Penataran dikaji dengan metode pra ikonografi, mendeskripsikan hasil analisis ikonografi relief binatang mitologi, dan mendeskripsikan interpretasi ikonologi relief medalion binatang mitologi. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan ikonografi teori Erwin Panowsky. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan observasi langsung ke lokasi, dokumentasi, wawancara, dan studi pustaka. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Semua binatang yang terukir memiliki makna dan keistimewaan dalam kepercayaan yang dianut sehingga layak disematkan dalam relief bangunan suci; (2) Relief binatang medalion yang terukir berupa 32,5% jenis unggas, 16% jenis jinak atau peliharaan, 47,5% jenis binatang liar, dan 4% jenis binatang mitologi; (3) Relief binatang mitologi menjadi simbolisme keagamaan dan kepercayaan yang diagungkan serta dijalankan pada masa tersebut. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa relief medalion binatang mitologi merupakan interpretasi dari kemakmuran, kebesaran, latar belakang budaya, latar belakang kepercayaan, dan sintesis kecerdasan dari masyarakat pendukungnya.

Penataran temple is located in Penataran Village, Nglegok District, Blitar Regency, East Java. This temple is the largest temple in East Java which was built over three periods, namely by the Kadiri Kingdom, Singhasari Kingdom, and the Majapahit Kingdom. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the relief medallions of animals in Penataran temple studied using the pre-iconographic method, to describe the results of the iconographic analysis reliefs with mythological animals, and to describe the iconological interpretations of relief medallions with mythological animals. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative with the iconographic approach to Erwin Panowsky's theory. Data collection was carried out by direct observation to the location, documentation, interviews, and literature study. The results of this study indicate that: (1) All the engraved animals have meaning and features in the beliefs they adhere to so that they deserve to be embedded in the reliefs of sacred buildings; (2) animal relief medallions that are engraved are 32.5% types of poultry, 16% types of domesticated or domesticated animals, 47.5% types of wild animals, and 4% types of mythological animals; (3) reliefs of mythological animals became religious symbols and beliefs that were glorified and carried out at that time. Based on the research conducted it can be concluded that the medallion reliefs of mythological animals are interpretations of prosperity, greatness, cultural background, belief background, and the synthesis of intelligence from the supporting community.