Negara Indonesia dalam hidup bermasyarakat memiliki berbagai ribuan hukum adat yang merupakan kebudayaan asli dari masyarakat Indonesia secara turun-menurun. Secara konstitusi, hukum adat telah diakui keberadaannya dalam Pasal 18B ayat (2) UUD 1945, yang berbunyi ”Negara mengakui dan menghormati kesatuan-kesatuan masyarakat hukum adat beserta hak-hak tradisionalnya sepanjang masih hidup dan sesuai dengan perkembangan masyarakat dan prinsip Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia yang diatur dalam undang-undang”. Dapat dikatakan, bahwa ketika negara mengakui eksistensi kesatuan masyarakat hukum adat dan hak tradisionalnya, maka secara otomatis eksistensi hukum adat juga diakui.
Kepemilikan sumber kekayaan alam yang melimpah, menjadi faktor utama negara dalam mengembangkan perekonomian secara makro memprioritaskan kegiatan pertambangan. Terkait kegiatan pertambangan tidak bisa lepas dari kearifan masyarakat hukum adat, namun hingga kini masih saja sulit untuk mendapatkan pengakuan maupun perlindungan. Sebagaimana kasus dalam Putusan Pengadilan Tinggi Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta Nomor 397/PDT/2017/PT.DKI, dengan pertimbangan hakim bahwa suatu kawasan hutan dapat disebut sebagai hutan adat apabila sudah ditetapkan oleh Menteri Kehutanan sepanjang keberadaan masyarakat hukum adat telah ditetapkan melalui Peraturan Daerah. Isu hukum yang terdapat dalam putusan ini yaitu kekaburan norma, dimana terdapat perbuatan melawan hukum yang dilakukan tergugat terhadap penggugat.
Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis petimbangan hakim dalam Putusan Nomor 397/PDT/2017/PT. DKI mengenai pertambangan dalam kawasan masyarakat hukum adat Kabupaten Kutai Barat dan akibat hukum bagi masyarakat hukum adat Kabupaten Kutai Barat dengan adanya Putusan Nomor 397/PDT/2017/PT.DKI. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian normatif dengan metode pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan kasus. Hasil penelitian dan pembahasan menunjukkan bahwa majelis hakim dalam memberikan pertimbangan kurang memperhatikan keberadaan masyarakat hukum adat yang sebenarnya telah ada sebelum adanya hukum positif dan dengan adanya putusan tersebut, masyarakat hukum adat Kabupaten Kutai Barat telah kehilangan kawasan hutan adat, serta tidak memperoleh ganti rugi.
The Indonesian state in social life has thousands of customary laws which are the original culture of the Indonesian people from generation to generation. Constitutionally, customary law has been recognized in its existence in Article 18B paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution, which reads "The state recognizes and respects indigenous peoples and their traditional rights as long as they are alive and in accordance with community development and the principles of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. which is regulated in law”. It can be said that when the state recognizes the existence of indigenous peoples and their traditional rights, automatically the existence of customary law is also recognized.
Ownership of abundant natural resources is the country's main factor in developing the macro economy by prioritizing mining activities. Regarding mining activities, it cannot be separated from the wisdom of the customary law community, but until now it is still difficult to get recognition and protection. As is the case in the Decision of the High Court of the Special Capital Region of Jakarta Number 397/PDT/ 2017/PT.DKI, with the judge's consideration that a forest area can be referred to as customary forest if it has been determined by the Minister of Forestry as long as the existence of customary law communities has been determined through a Regional Regulation. The legal issue contained in this decision is the obscurity of norms, where there is an illegal act committed by the defendant against the plaintiff.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the judges' considerations in Decision Number 397/PDT/2017/PT.DKI regarding mining in the customary law community area of West Kutai Regency and the legal consequences for the customary law community of West Kutai Regency with the existence of Decision Number 397/PDT/2017/PT.DKI. This research is a normative research with a statutory, conceptual, and case approach method. The results of research and discussion show that the panel of judges in giving considerations did not pay attention to the existence of customary law communities that actually existed before the existence of the positive law and with the existence of this decision, the customary law communities of West Kutai Regency have lost their customary forest area, and have not received compensation.