Perbandingan Efektivitas Ekstrak Daun, Batang dan Bunga Tanaman Kenikir (Cosmos sulphureus) terhadap Mortalitas Larva Plutella xylostella

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Leaf, Stem and Flower Extracts of Kenikir Plants (Cosmos sulphureus) on Mortality of Plutella xylostella Larvae

Tanaman kenikir (Cosmos sulphureus) dapat berfungsi sebagai bioinsektisida. Daun kenikir mengandung senyawa saponin, alkaloid, tanin, flavonoid dan polifenol. Setiap organ tanaman kenikir memiliki kandungan metabolit sekunder yang berbeda sehingga memiliki kefektifan yang berbeda dalam mengatasi hama. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui kandungan senyawa fitokimia tanaman kenikir serta pengaruh jenis organ, konsentrasi dan interaksi antara jenis organ dan konsentrasi ekstrak terhadap mortalitas larva Plutella xylostella. Metode yang digunakan meliputi pengkoleksian daun, batang dan bunga kenikir di daerah Bojonegoro, pembuatan simplisia, maserasi menggunakan etanol 96%, ekstraksi dengan rotary vacuum evaporator serta dilakukan uji fitokimia. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan dua faktor percobaan yaitu konsentrasi 4%, 6%, 8% dan 10% dan jenis organ yaitu daun, batang dan bunga kenikir, masing-masing diperlakukan terhadap 10 ekor larva Plutella xylostella instar 2 dengan tiga kali pengulangan, terdapat 36 kombinasi perlakuan beserta ulangannya. Analisis data menggunakan ANAVA dua arah dan pengujian Duncan untuk melihat perlakuan terbaik. Hasil uji fitokimia, ekstrak batang, daun serta bunga kenikir terkandung senyawa fenol, steroid, tanin, alkaloid, saponin, triterpenoid dan flavonoid. Diperoleh hasil terdapat pengaruh jenis organ serta berbagai konsentrasi yang digunakan terhadap mortalitas larva, namun tidak terdapat interaksi antara jenis organ dan konsentrasi. Perlakuan bunga konsentrasi 10% merupakan perlakuan terbaik untuk menyebabkan mortalitas larva P. xylostella dengan nilai mortalitas sebesar 68,83%. 

The kenikir plant (Cosmos sulphureus) can function as a bioinsecticide. Kenikir leaves contain saponins, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and polyphenols. Each organ of the kenikir plant contains different secondary metabolites so that it has different effectiveness in dealing with pests. This study aims to determine the content of phytochemical compounds of kenikir plants and the effect of organ types, concentrations and interactions between types of organs and extract concentrations on mortality of Plutella xylostella larvae. The methods used include collecting leaves, stems and flowers of kenikir in the Bojonegoro area, making simplicia, maceration using 96% ethanol, extraction with a rotary vacuum evaporator and phytochemical tests. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with two experimental factors, namely the concentration of 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% and the types of organs, namely leaves, stems and flowers of kenikir, each treated with 10 larvae of Plutella xylostella instar 2 with three repetition times, there were 36 treatment combinations and their repetitions. Data analysis used two-way ANOVA and Duncan's test to see the best treatment. The results of phytochemical tests, extracts of kenikir stems, leaves and flowers contained phenol compounds, steroids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, triterpenoids and flavonoids. The results showed that there was an influence on the type of organ and the various concentrations used on larval mortality, but there was no interaction between organ type and concentration. Flower treatment with a concentration of 10% is the best treatment to cause mortality of P. xylostella larvae with a mortality value of 68.83%.