Evidensialitas Bahasa Jepang dalam Drama MIU404

Japanese Evidentialities in MIU404

Manusia berkomunikasi menggunakan bahasa untuk menyampaikan ide dan pemikirannya. Dalam tata bahasa, kalimat terdiri atas proposisi dan modalitas. Proposisi adalah unsur yang menyatakan fakta objektif dan modalitas adalah unsur yang menyatakan penilaian subjektif. Jenis modalitas yang didukung oleh adanya bukti dikenal sebagai evidensialitas. Evidensialitas memiliki dua kategori, yaitu evidensial simpulan dan evidensial laporan. Berdasarkan Hasegawa, terdapat lima bentuk umum dalam evidensialitas, yaitu sou da, rashii, to iu, you da, dan mitai da. Sou da dan rashii termasuk dalam evidensial simpulan maupun evidensial laporan, to iu termasuk dalam evidensial laporan, dan you da serta mitai da termasuk dalam evidensial simpulan. Masing-masing bentuk didasari bukti dan memiliki fungsi dalam tuturan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji jenis bukti dan fungsi evidensialitas yang terdapat dalam drama MIU404. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode penelitian deskriptif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik simak bebas libat cakap dan teknik catat. Analisis data dilakukan dengan metode agih. Penelitian dilakukan berdasarkan teori jenis bukti oleh McCready dan Ogata serta teori fungsi evidensialitas oleh Narrog dan Hasegawa. Dari penelitian ini ditemukan sejumlah 91 data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 7 jenis bukti, yaitu bukti taktil, bukti visual, bukti auditori, bukti sensorik internal, bukti tidak pasti, bukti menghakimi, dan bukti perkataan; dan 6 fungsi evidensialitas, yaitu penyampaian informasi, penyampaian rumor, pengutipan, pengungkapan kesimpulan, pengungkapan kesan, dan pengungkapan dugaan.

Kata Kunci: evidensialitas bahasa Jepang, jenis bukti, MIU404 

Humans communicate through language to convey their idea and thoughts. In grammar, a sentence is composed by proposition and modality. Proposition is the objective element, whereas modality is the subjective element in a sentence. Evidentiality is a type of modality that bases on evidence. There are two types of evidentiality, which are inferred evidential and reported evidential. According to Hasegawa, there are five common forms of evidentiality, which are sou da, rashii, to iu, you da, and mitai da. Sou da and rashii are parts of both inferred evidential and reported evidential, to iu is a part of reported evidential, and you da and mitai da are parts of inferred evidential. Each form is based on certain evidences and have functions in a speech. The purpose of this study is to describe the types of evidence and the functions of evidentiality that are found in MIU404 drama. This study is a descriptive qualitative research. The data collecting in this research was conducted using Uninvolved Conversation Observation Technique and Note-taking technique. The data analyzing in this research was conducted using Apportion method. The research was conducted by following McCready and Ogata’s theory on types of evidence and Narrog and Hasegawa’s theory on the functions of evidentiality. In this study, 91 data were found. The results of this study are as follows: (1) there are 7 types of evidence: tactile evidence, visual evidence, auditory evidence, internal sensory evidence, unknown evidence, judgement evidence, and hearsay evidence; and (2) there are 6 functions of evidentiality: to relay information, to relay rumor, to quote, to express inference, to express impression, and to express prediction. 

Keyword: evidentiality in Japanese, types of evidence, MIU404