Life in the
21st century requires mastery of several key skills in order to be able to
participate and compete in global competition. There are four key skills that
are often conveyed by experts as 21st century skills communication,
collaboration, critical thinking and creativity. Among the four skills,
critical thinking is the main key because it allows individuals to analyse
information in depth, solve problems effectively, and make better decisions in
various situations. Critical thinking is largely determined by argumentation
skills, because the ability to construct, evaluate, and defend logical
arguments is the basis for rational and analytical thinking processes. Good
argumentation allows someone to identify assumptions, assess evidence, and draw
valid conclusions. The purpose of this study was to produce an
argumentation-based learning model, Collaborative Argumentation Learning Model
(CALM) in the Earth and Space Science (IPBA) course that is valid, practical
and effective to improve students argumentation skills and critical thinking
skills. CALM is an argumentation-based learning with the application of
Toulmins Argument Pattern (TAP) which provides scaffolding of prerequisite
knowledge and argumentation construction skills needed to solve
socio-scientific issues in learning. The development of the CALM model was
carried out in the IPBA course, considering that IPBA is the oldest branch of
physics that experienced the most monumental knowledge revolution through a
long argumentative debate on the paradigm shift from the geocentric to the
heliocentric model and is still filled with other socio-science issues to this
day. The procedure for developing the learning model follows the steps for
developing the Generic Design Research Model (GDRM). Limited trials were
carried out on one class of UNESA Physics Education Undergraduate Program
students, while extensive trials involved two classes each of Surabaya State
University and Trunojoyo Madura University students. The research instruments
used included model validation sheets and learning tools, learning
implementation sheets, student activity observation sheets, learning obstacle
record sheets, argumentation skills assessment test sheets, critical thinking
skills assessment test sheets and student response questionnaires. The data
obtained were then analyzed descriptively quantitatively and qualitatively
n-gain analysis, statistical tests of mean differences and correlation tests.
The results of the study showed that (1) CALM and its learning support tools
have content and construct validity in the very valid category (2) CALM meets
the practicality aspect in terms of the implementation of the six model phases
in the very good category, almost all student activities are implemented (3)
CALM is effective in improving students argumentation and critical thinking
skills as evidenced by n-gain scores in the moderate category, statistical test
results showing significant differences in the average between before and after
CALM implementation, and there is consistent improvement in all trial classes,
and students responses are very positive towards the implementation of CALM
learning (4) Argumentation skills and students critical thinking skills
generally have a correlation relationship in the very strong category. Based on
the research results, it can be concluded that CALM which was developed and
applied to the IPBA course has met the requirements of being valid, practical
and effective in improving students argumentation and critical thinking skills.
Keywords
Collaborative Argumentation Learning Model, Argumentation Skills, Critical
Thinking Skills