Kemampuan Azolla microphylla dan Salvinia molesta sebagai Agen Fitoremediasi Logam Berat Zink (Zn)

Ability of Azolla microphylla and Salvinia molesta as  Phytoremediation Agents of The Heavy Metal Zink (Zn)

Salah satu polutan di perairan dapat disebabkan oleh logam berat zink (Zn) yang berasal dari limbah industri, rumah tangga, maupun agrikultur sehingga perlu dilakukan upaya untuk mengurangi limbah tersebut. Fitoremediasi dapat menjadi salah satu solusi untuk mengatasi pencemaran logam berat dengan memanfaatkan tumbuhan akuatik. Syarat tumbuhan yang digunakan untuk fitoremediasi, yaitu tumbuhan yang memiliki tingkat pertumbuhan cepat, seperti Azolla microphylla dan Salvinia molesta. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh jenis tumbuhan dan konsentrasi Zn terhadap kemampuan absorpsi Zn di akar, kadar klorofil, hubungan antara kadar Zn di akar dan kadar klorofil daun, serta kadar Zn di air. Penelitian yang bersifat eksperimental ini menggunakan desain RAK dengan dua faktor perlakuan, yaitu jenis tumbuhan menggunakan A. microphylla, S. molesta, dan perlakuan kombinasi kedua tumbuhan, serta konsentrasi Zn pada media tanam sebesar 0 ppm, 2 ppm, dan 4 ppm. Perlakuan penelitian dilakukan selama 14 hari, sebelumnya tumbuhan telah di aklimatisasi terlebih dahulu selama 7 hari. Kadar Zn di akar dan di air setelah perlakuan diuji menggunakan AAS dan kadar klorofil diuji menggunakan spektrofotometer. Kadar Zn di akar dan kadar klorofil dianalisis menggunakan Uji ANAVA dua arah dan Uji Duncan, sedangkan kadar Zn di air dianalisis menggunakan Uji Friedman, lalu dibandingkan dengan baku mutu berdasarkan PP No. 22 Tahun 2021. Hubungan antara kadar Zn di akar dan kadar klorofil daun dianalisis menggunakan Uji Korelasi Pearson. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jenis tumbuhan dan konsentrasi Zn berpengaruh terhadap absorpsi kadar Zn oleh akar, kadar klorofil, dan kadar Zn di air setelah perlakuan, serta terdapat hubungan antara kadar Zn di akar dan kadar klorofil daun. S. molesta pada konsentrasi Zn 4 ppm paling efektif dibandingkan perlakuan lainnya karena dapat mengadsorpsi Zn di akar hingga 2,40 mg/kg, tetapi kadar klorofil daunnya termasuk rendah dengan nilai 9,7 µg/ml. Hal ini sesuai dengan hasil uji korelasi pearson yang menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi konsentrasi Zn di akar, maka semakin rendah kadar klorofil daun. Kadar Zn di air setelah perlakuan turun hingga 99,81% yang awalnya 4 ppm menjadi 0,0074 ppm dan telah berada dibawah baku mutu yang ditetapkan. Semakin tinggi konsentrasi Zn pada media tanam, maka semakin tinggi penurunan kadar Zn pada media tanam.

Kata Kunci: Azolla microphylla, kadar Zn, kadar klorofil, Salvinia molesta

One of the pollutants in waters can be caused by the heavy metal zinc (Zn) which comes from industrial, household and agricultural waste, so need efforts to reduce this waste. Phytoremediation can be solution to decrease heavy metal pollution by utilizing aquatic plants. The requirements for plants used for phytoremediation are plants that have fast growth rate, such as Azolla microphylla and Salvinia molesta. This study aims to determine the effect of plant species and Zn concentration on Zn absorption ability in roots, chlorophyll content, relationship between Zn content in roots and leaf chlorophyll content, and Zn content in water. This experimental study used RAK design with two treatment factors, using A. microphylla, S. molesta, and combination treatment of two plants, as well as Zn concentrations in the planting medium of 0 ppm, 2 ppm, and 4 ppm. The research treatment was carried out for 14 days, previously the plants had been acclimatized for 7 days. The Zn content in the roots and in water after treatment was tested using AAS and the chlorophyll content was tested using spectrophotometer. Zn content in roots and chlorophyll content were analyzed using two-way ANOVA test and Duncan's test, while Zn levels in water were analyzed using Friedman's test, then compared with quality standards based on PP No. 22 of 2021. The relationship between Zn content in roots and leaf chlorophyll content was analyzed using Pearson Correlation Test. The results showed that plant species and Zn concentrations affected the absorption of Zn content by roots, chlorophyll content, and Zn content in water after treatment, and there was a relationship between Zn content in roots and leaf chlorophyll content. S. molesta at Zn concentration of 4 ppm was the most effective compared to other treatments because it could adsorb up to 2.40 mg/kg of Zn in roots, but the leaf chlorophyll content was low with value 9.7 µg/ml. This is in accordance with the results of Pearson correlation test which shows that the higher concentration of Zn in roots, the lower chlorophyll content of leaves. Zn content in water after treatment fell to 99.81% from 4 ppm to 0.0074 ppm and was below the established quality standard. The higher concentration of Zn in growing media, the higher decrease Zn content in growing media.

Keywords: Azolla microphylla, Zn content, chlorophyll content, Salvinia molesta